With the rising global awareness of climate change and environmental degradation, eco and sustainable tourism in India has been gaining momentum. This movement promotes responsible travel that not only preserves the natural environment but also uplifts local communities economically and culturally. India’s vast biodiversity, rich cultural heritage, and myriad ecosystems make it an ideal destination for eco-conscious travelers. From the dense forests of Assam to the serene backwaters of Kerala, eco-tourism is transforming the way people explore India’s wonders.

Understanding Eco and Sustainable Tourism in India

Eco-tourism focuses on conservation, education, and low-impact travel, allowing tourists to enjoy nature without harming it. Sustainable tourism, on the other hand, seeks a balance between tourism development and environmental protection, emphasizing long-term positive impacts on both nature and society.

In India, eco-tourism isn’t just about visiting forests or protected areas; it extends to cultural preservation, wildlife conservation, and community empowerment. Tourists are encouraged to engage in activities that promote environmental stewardship, such as reducing plastic waste, supporting local economies, and conserving water and energy.

The Rise of Eco-Conscious Travel

Over the past decade, there has been a significant increase in eco-conscious travelers in India. This shift can be attributed to multiple factors, including environmental education, increasing awareness of the negative impacts of mass tourism, and a growing preference for immersive, nature-centric experiences. The COVID-19 pandemic also played a role, as people began to seek outdoor, socially distanced travel options.

Indian travelers are increasingly opting for destinations that offer eco-friendly accommodations, sustainable wildlife tours, and experiences that highlight local cultures and traditions. Eco-friendly lodges, organic farm stays, and green-certified hotels are becoming popular choices for those who want to minimize their carbon footprint while traveling.

Prominent Eco-Tourism Destinations in India

India’s rich biodiversity offers a wide array of eco-tourism destinations, each contributing to the preservation of natural habitats and local cultures. Here are some of the leading eco-tourism hotspots:

1. Kaziranga National Park, Assam

Kaziranga National Park, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is one of India’s premier eco-tourism destinations. This national park is renowned for its population of one-horned rhinoceroses, along with elephants, tigers, and a wide variety of bird species.

Tourists can participate in jeep safaris and elephant rides, which are strictly regulated to minimize environmental damage. The park operates under a sustainable tourism model, with a focus on wildlife conservation and community involvement. Locals are trained as eco-guides, and tourism revenues are reinvested in local infrastructure, education, and conservation efforts​.

2. The Living Root Bridges of Meghalaya

In the northeastern state of Meghalaya, the Khasi tribe has mastered the art of growing living root bridges. These natural bridges are created by guiding the roots of rubber trees over streams and rivers, a process that takes decades. Tourists can visit these bridges by hiking through the region’s lush forests, interacting with local communities, and learning about traditional conservation methods.

The living root bridges symbolize harmony between humans and nature, as they promote biodiversity and help prevent soil erosion. Tourism in the region is managed sustainably, with an emphasis on low-impact travel and community-based homestays​.

3. Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary, Kerala

Kerala’s Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary, located in the Western Ghats, offers a unique blend of eco-tourism and wildlife conservation. The sanctuary is home to elephants, tigers, leopards, and numerous species of birds and reptiles. Tourists can engage in eco-friendly activities such as bamboo rafting, nature walks, and trekking.

The sanctuary’s eco-tourism initiatives focus on community involvement, with local villagers trained as guides and park rangers. The revenue generated from eco-tourism helps fund conservation projects and provides sustainable livelihoods for the local population​.

The Role of Sustainable Accommodations

A key component of eco and sustainable tourism in India is the availability of eco-friendly accommodations. These range from eco-lodges and green-certified resorts to homestays that prioritize sustainability.

1. Vanghat Lodge, Uttarakhand

Located in the buffer zone of the Corbett Tiger Reserve, Vanghat Lodge offers a sustainable travel experience for nature lovers. The lodge is committed to conservation, employing solar energy, rainwater harvesting, and waste management systems. Guests are encouraged to participate in wildlife safaris, birdwatching tours, and nature walks that emphasize low environmental impact.

Vanghat works closely with local communities to promote eco-friendly practices and generate income through sustainable tourism​.

2. Spice Village, Kerala

Spice Village, a part of the CGH Earth group, is an eco-friendly resort located in Thekkady, Kerala. The resort is designed to mimic a traditional tribal village, using thatched roofs, sustainable construction materials, and renewable energy sources. Spice Village has received numerous accolades for its commitment to sustainability, including its organic food practices, solar power generation, and zero-plastic policy.

The resort also offers guests opportunities to learn about local flora and fauna through nature walks, birdwatching, and interactions with tribal communities​.

Challenges Facing Eco-Tourism in India

Despite the growing popularity of eco-tourism, there are significant challenges that need to be addressed to ensure its success.

1. Over-Tourism in Sensitive Areas

Over-tourism remains a pressing issue in eco-sensitive areas. Popular destinations like the Himalayas and Western Ghats often experience high footfall, which leads to waste accumulation, soil erosion, and the depletion of natural resources. Managing visitor numbers and ensuring responsible behavior among tourists is critical to preventing environmental degradation​

2. Lack of Awareness and Education

Many tourists are unaware of the principles of eco-tourism and sustainable travel. While eco-friendly accommodations and tours are available, not all travelers understand the importance of reducing waste, conserving water, or supporting local businesses. More efforts are needed to educate tourists on the environmental and social impact of their travel choices​.

Government Initiatives and Policies

The Indian government has recognized the potential of eco-tourism as a tool for conservation and community development. Various initiatives have been launched to promote eco-friendly travel and protect fragile ecosystems.

1. National Green Tourism Policy

India’s National Green Tourism Policy aims to create eco-tourism hubs in wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, and cultural heritage sites. The policy encourages the use of renewable energy, waste management practices, and community participation in tourism development. The government is also promoting eco-certification for hotels, resorts, and tour operators to ensure adherence to sustainable practices​.

2. Community-Based Eco-Tourism Projects

Community-based eco-tourism projects are central to the government’s efforts to involve local populations in tourism development. These projects provide training and employment to local communities, enabling them to act as stewards of the environment while benefiting economically. One successful example is the Kanha Tiger Reserve, where local villagers work as guides, naturalists, and hospitality staff​.

Looking Ahead: The Future of Eco-Tourism in India

The future of eco and sustainable tourism in India is promising. As more travelers seek authentic and environmentally conscious experiences, the demand for eco-friendly destinations, accommodations, and tours will continue to rise. The success of eco-tourism will depend on collaboration between governments, local communities, and the tourism industry to promote responsible travel, protect biodiversity, and ensure that tourism benefits both people and the planet.

By embracing eco and sustainable tourism, India is not only preserving its natural and cultural heritage but also setting an example for the rest of the world. With the right policies, awareness, and practices, eco-tourism in India has the potential to become a driving force for conservation and community development.